2.2.2. Chilean Journal (Ex- Agricultura Técnica)
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- Pasture type effects over beef quality: A comparison
Serie Documental: Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research
N° Publicación: v. 84(5) p. 620-631
The beef is one of the main sources of nutrients for a balanced diet. In this context, several authors have reported that grass-fed beef presents low levels of intramuscular fat and high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Some studies have noted that forage fatty acid content is variable between species and their varieties, and that can affect fatty acid profile in beef. The aim of this study was to evaluate beef quality from three different types of pastures in southern Chile. A group of 45 Holstein Friesian steers were finished in the spring months with three different types of pastures from temperate rainy climate: Improved pasture (P), Lolium perenne L.-based pasture (LT), and Lolium multiflorum Lam.-based pasture (LM). The steers were separated into groups of 15 for treatment. Nonsignificant differences were found in carcass measurements and P treatment showed a higher intramuscular content than LM treatment (2.26% vs. 1.42%) and greater presence of SFA: 42.4% vs. 40.3% reported in LM treatment. While LM presented a higher n-6 fatty acids: 4.42% related to P treatment: 3.13%. Regardless of the type of pasture, it can be confirmed that meat from pasture systems presents low intramuscular fat and a better ratio of n-6/n-3Subiabre R., Ignacio, Rodríguez, Romina, Aldai, Noelia, Allende, Rodrigo, Morales, Rodrigo , (2024-10) - Use of increasing rates of ammonia nitrogen in pot-grown blueberries and its effect on fruit yield and macronutrient concentration in leaves
Autor: Hirzel C., Juan; Muñoz, Violeta; Moya-Elizondo, Ernesto; Lagos, Octavio; Balbontín , Cristian; Uribe, Hamil
Serie Documental: Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research
N° Publicación: v. 84(3) p. 454-466
Due to the smaller size of berries plants and some vegetables, their production in containers has grown worldwide. To understand the effect of increasing doses of ammoniacal N, we evaluated production, firmness and size of fruits and concentration of macronutrients in leaves of four blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) cultivars (Duke, Legacy, Cargo, and Suziblue) in south central Chile. All were grown in pots with substrate during their third growing season. The results showed an interaction of ammoniacal N dose with blueberry cultivar in most of the parameters evaluated, except for firmness and size of fruits. The increasing dose of ammoniacal N allowed higher production per plant in only two of the four cultivars without effects on the quality attributes firmness and size of fruits. Differences in production per plant and fruit firmness were obtained between cultivars, with production values per plant between 86-210, 142-219, 195-203, and 504-979 g in ʻDukeʼ, ʻLegacyʼ, ʻCargoʼ, and ʻSuziblueʼ, respectively, and greater fruit firmness in ʻSuziblueʼ. The concentrations of macronutrients in leaves showed interactions between cultivar and doses of ammoniacal N, which did not allow obtaining a single dose of ammoniacal N that generate nutritional concentration values in leaves associated with greater fruit production in the four blueberry cultivars.Hirzel C., Juan, Muñoz, Violeta, Moya-Elizondo, Ernesto, Lagos, Octavio, Balbontín , Cristian, Uribe, Hamil , (2024-06) - Planting density: Key strategy for optimizing soil health and fruit antioxidant activity in a calafate orchard
Autor: Betancur, Matías; Retamal-Salgado, Jorge; López, María Dolores; Vergara-Retamales, Rosa; Schoebitz, Mauricio
Serie Documental: Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research
N° Publicación: v. 84(3) p. 439-453
Limited information exists regarding the impact of planting density on soil fertility, plant productivity, and the phenolic content of calafate (Berberis microphylla G. Forst.) fruits. This study aimed to assess the effects of planting density on the soil, plants, and fruits in a calafate orchard. Four treatments were employed: High-density (HD; 6667 plants ha-1), traditional density (TD; 3333 plants ha-1), medium density (MD; 2222 plants ha-1), and low density (LD; 1667 plants ha-1). In the soil, TD exhibited a 28% increase in basal respiration compared with MD, and a 29% increase in urease compared with HD. Additionally, TD enhanced soil N availability by 57%, ammonium availability by 58%, and Mn availability by 33% compared to LD. Photosystem II experienced an increase with MD and LD (p > 0.05), surpassing TD and HD by 3%. The LD significantly outperformed the other treatments in terms of yield per plant, reaching up to 873 g. Conversely, despite its lower yield per plant, HD produced larger and heavier fruits, albeit at the expense of phenolic content. However, HD and MD, averaging 2.1 t ha-1, generated more fruit per unit area than LD and TD did. Notably, planting density did not affect the fruit antioxidant capacity. These findings suggest that TD planting density in calafate preserves the biological and chemical functions of the soil, while maintaining the antioxidant capacity of calafate fruit.Betancur, Matías, Retamal-Salgado, Jorge, López, María Dolores, Vergara-Retamales, Rosa, Schoebitz, Mauricio , (2024-06) - Use of spent brewer’s yeasts as an additive of pasture silages and its effects on nutritional quality and pH
Autor: Daza C., José; González, Verónica; Moldenhauer, Rodrigo; Reyes S., Camila; Rivas, Jorge; Solís, Carolina; Muñoz, Francisco; Carvajal, Adriana; Saldivia, Viola; Urrejola, José Luis
Institución: Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias
Serie Documental: Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research
N° Documento: v. 84(2) p. 260-266
Objetivos de desarrollo sostenible
Livestock systems at Region Aysén del General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo depend on forage conservation during the spring-summer season, generally with low nutritional quality to animal requirements. To reduce nutrient loss, additives are commonly used, being spent brewery yeast a potential additive. Therefore, a study was carried out with the inclusion of two spent brewer’s yeast (Lager and Ale) as an additive in pasture mini silos compared to two commercial additives (SiloSolve MC™ and Josilac grass™) and mini silo without additive. It was observed that spent brewer’s yeast has a negative effect on crude protein and metabolizable energy, contents that decreased to 9.8% and 2.5%, respectively, compared to control. However, Ale yeast declined faster and maintained lower pH levels below 4.1. Spent brewer’s yeast do not improve nutritional quality, however decreased pH levels of pasture silage. Therefore, it should be noted that the effect of spent brewer’s yeasts has been insufficiently evaluated. Thus, is still a lack of trials within large scale of silage conservation and its effects on animal feed performance.Daza C., José, González, Verónica, Moldenhauer, Rodrigo, Reyes S., Camila, Rivas, Jorge, Solís, Carolina, Muñoz, Francisco, Carvajal, Adriana, Saldivia, Viola, Urrejola, José Luis , (2024-04) - Changes in the milk response to different herbage mass of dairy cattle in a tropical climate
Institución: Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias
Serie Documental: Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research
N° Documento: v. 84(2) p. 225-235
Objetivos de desarrollo sostenible
The interaction between pasture and supplementation in dairy production systems constitutes a very important part of the efficiency of dairy. This study evaluated the effect of the herbage mass (HM) on the milk production and solid concentration. Twenty Holstein cows were distributed into two groups, 10 assigned 2200 kg DM ha-1 (low herbage mass, LHM) and 10 with 2800 kg DM ha-1 (medium herbage mass, MHM). Herbage mass was measured above 5 cm. The experiment lasted 8 wk. The variables evaluated were DM intake (DMI), milk production and composition (fat and protein concentration). Effects of treatments on variables were evaluated using a repeated measure analysis over time. The results showed nonsignificant differences in the pasture DMI between LHM and MHM for weeks 1, 2, 3 and 5 (P > 0.05). During week 4, pasture DMI was 3 kg greater for LHM than MHM (P < 0.05). The milk production did not differ between treatments per week, but the average was 2.4 kg greater for LHM compared to MHM (P < 0.05). In conclusion, changes in the pasture availability increased milk production at LHM, but not enough to cause changes in solids concentration. This clearly shows that, LHM can increase milk and solids production.Calvache, Iván, Beltran, Ignacio, Balocchi, Oscar, Venegas, Luz A., Navas, Alexander , (2024-04) - Citrus volatiles induced by herbivory of Aleurothrixus floccosus (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) elicit attraction to the exotic ladybird Clitostethus arcuatus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Autor: Rioja, Tommy; Ceballos, Ricardo
Institución: Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias
Serie Documental: Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research
N° Documento: v. 84(2) p. 181-194
Objetivos de desarrollo sostenible
Plants undergoing insect infestation release herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) into their environment, which are then used by natural enemies for their benefit. The pest Aleurothrixus floccosus, which affects citrus orchards in northern Chile, specifically at Pica Oasis, poses a year-round threat. Recently, the introduction of the exotic ladybird Clitostethus arcuatus has been noted as a predator of A. floccosus. This study delved into how HIPVs emitted from tangelo (Citrus reticulata × C. ×paradisi Macfad.) and lime (C. ×aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle) infested-shoots impact the behavioral responses of C. arcuatus. The volatile compounds were collected using the headspace technique, revealing notable qualitative changes after herbivory. In two-choice bioassays, the HIPVs elicited an attractive response in C. arcuatus compared to A. floccosus. At concentrations of 10 and 100 μg mL-1, the predators displayed a distinct preference for methyl salicylate (MeSA). These findings underscore that C. arcuatus exploits the HIPVs emitted from citrus infested-shoots, fostering tritrophic interactions. Exploring the impact of whitefly attacks on other fruit trees, emerges as a significant avenue for future investigation.Rioja, Tommy, Ceballos, Ricardo , (2024-04) - Validation of a minimal panel of microsatellite markers for blueberry cultivar identification and frequency of spontaneous mutations
Autor: Miteca, Hélder; Castro, María Herminia; Meneses, Marco; Prat, Loreto; Muñoz, Carlos; Hinrichsen R., Patricio
Serie Documental: Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research
N° Documento: v. 84(1) p. 28-42
Global blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) growing has increased exponentially in the last two decades, fueled by a very dynamic offer of new cultivars. In this scenario, misclassification of genotypes is a matter of concern, despite that good nursery management practices are in place in most countries and new molecular fingerprinting tools have become available elsewhere. In this framework, here we report the use of three highly informative microsatellite (SSR) markers, selected after evaluating the performance of 12 SSRs on 30 commonly planted blueberry cultivars. We present here the validation of this set, comprising markers CA344, CA421 and NA1040 tested on a set of 136 cultivars and lines, all of which can be differentiated by these markers. A dendrogram built with the generated data set grouped the rabbiteye genotypes in a separate clade. The whole polymorphic information content of this set of SSRs was 0.878 and the observed and expected heterozygosity index averaged 0.890 and 0.886, respectively. Additionally, we detected 14 genotypes that showed minor allelic variants, exhibiting mostly single changes in their patterns with respect to the reference cultivar. Overall, the frequency of mutations was 0.6%, considering the 18 allelic variants identified in approximately 3000 analyzed samples. Marker CA421 exhibited the largest frequency of mutations, with 16 out of the 18 variants identified. Plants carrying these variants corresponded to the most planted cultivars introduced to Chile, which have been extensively micropropagated. The implications of these variations for the traceability of plants based on their fingerprinting are discussed.Miteca, Hélder, Castro, María Herminia, Meneses, Marco, Prat, Loreto, Muñoz, Carlos, Hinrichsen R., Patricio , (2024-02) - Occurrence and molecular characterization of Potyvirus present in the garlic crop in the Mediterranean ecosystem of the central valley of Chile
Autor: Madariaga V., Mónica; Ramírez A., Isabel; Lizana, Rodrigo; Nova L., Nelly; Donoso M., Adolfo; Torrejón, Valentina
Serie Documental: Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research
N° Documento: v. 83(6) p. 705-714
The garlic (Allium sativum L.) cultivated in the O’Higgins Region, the main garlic-producing area in Chile, is the commercial type known as pink garlic, which presents a low yield and a high prevalence of symptoms associated with viral infections. A survey was carried out in the three localities of the region that cultivate this vegetable to identify, by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), the presence of Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV) and Leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV). The results indicated a prevalence of 99.5% and 54.0% respectively. In addition, a molecular and phylogenetic analysis of the amplified genome fragments for both viruses was performed. Using the nucleotide BLAST (BLASTn) tool, nucleotide sequences were compared with sequences available in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. The Chilean sequences were aligned with complete sequences available at NCBI and a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the Neighbor-Joining method. The results showed genetic variability among Chilean isolates.Madariaga V., Mónica, Ramírez A., Isabel, Lizana, Rodrigo, Nova L., Nelly, Donoso M., Adolfo, Torrejón, Valentina , (2023-12) - Nitrogen dose to maximize grain yield and quality of durum wheat depends on the water availability in Chilean Mediterranean environments
Serie Documental: Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research
N° Documento: v. 83(6) p. 692-704
Objetivos de desarrollo sostenible
Quality durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) van Slageren) has the highest performance in climates with dry and hot summers. Chilean durum wheat has a low protein content. This research was carried out in two growing seasons in two Chilean localities, under two water conditions. The aim was to analyze the impact of N rate and application timing over yield and quality of durum wheat grain in the Mediterranean climate of central Chile. The field experiment was carried out with two durum wheat genotypes. For each experiment, there were two N factors: three rate N applied in durum wheat vegetative phase (0, 90, 210 kg N ha-1) and four rate N applied in the reproductive phase (0, 30, 60, 90 kg N ha-1). Therefore, the treatments were 12 combinations of N. Grain yield, biomass, and harvest index were affected by N application in the vegetative phase only. Both quantity and distribution of rainfall was the environmental factor that triggered three types of grain yield response to N fertilization: Environments in which the yield responds positively to N applications, environments without yield response to N applications, and environments in which the yield responds negatively to N applications. In an environment which the yield responds positively to N applications, the highest mean grain yield was 6309 kg ha-1, protein content reached 13% in the highest N applications. In an environment without yield response, grain yield, black point, and hectoliter weight did not change with N fertilization. In an environment in which the yield responds negatively to N applications, the lowest mean grain yield was 1960 kg ha-1, protein content increased to 16%, and hectoliter weight decreased below 79 kg hL-1 with 90 kg N ha-1 rate or higher.Silva, Paola, Aedo, Paola, Acevedo H., Edmundo, Matus T., Iván , (2023-12) - Effect of wildfires on soil properties of agricultural lands of Mediterranean-climate region in Chile
Autor: Garrido-Ruiz, Claudia; Sandoval, Marco; Stolpe, Neal; Sanchez-Hernandez, Juan C.; Campos M., Cristóbal
Serie Documental: Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research
N° Documento: v. 83(6) p. 643-655
Objetivos de desarrollo sostenible
The frequency and severity of wildfires in Mediterranean climate regions have increased in the last decades due to changes in climatic conditions and land use. This change in the fire regime has increased the threat to forest, shrublands and agricultural lands. To evaluate to what extent wildfires could affect agricultural soils, we evaluated 40 properties of soil samples collected at two depths (0-5 and 5-10 cm) in areas affected by moderate severity wildfires 14 mo prior, and the immediately neighboring unburned area. The overall most relevant soil properties to differentiate between burned and unburned soil, regardless its sampling depth, were selected as soil quality indicators and used to compute a soil quality index. Accordingly, carboxylesterase activity, available soil moisture, pH, Ca, P, Fe, B, S and Cu were selected using a two-way ANOVA. The results showed that carboxylesterase activity decreased from 0.49 ± 0.18 to 0.26 ± 0.16 μmol h-1 g-1 dry soil, and available soil moisture was reduced from 9.85 ± 0.83 to 8.33 ± 0.52 cm in burned soils. Also, pH significantly decreased from 7.30 ± 0.14 to 6.27 ± 0.23 which affected the subsequent nutrient availability. Thus, Ca and P decreased from 6.50 ± 1.78 to 3.95 ± 0.91 cmol(+) kg-1 and from 10.72 ± 2.84 to 7.44 ± 0.91 mg kg-1 respectively, whereas Fe increased from 3.89 ± 0.97 to 16.75 ± 3.13 mg kg-1, Cu and S availability doubled, and B content increase by 29%. The overall soil quality index revealed a nonsignificant decreased between unburned (0.59 ± 0.03) and burned (0.55 ± 0.04) soils 14 mo after the fire.Garrido-Ruiz, Claudia, Sandoval, Marco, Stolpe, Neal, Sanchez-Hernandez, Juan C., Campos M., Cristóbal , (2023-12) - Do root interactions between wheat and non-mycorrhizal ancestral plants influence fungal activity and soil quality in an Andisol?
Autor: Castillo, Claudia; Solano, Jaime; Aguilera, Paula; Sacha, Debouzy; Catalán, Rocío; Ruiz, Antonieta; Souza C., Pedro de; Sieverding, Ewald; Borie B., Fernando
Institución: Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias
Serie Documental: Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research
N° Documento: v. 83(5) p. 589-601
Objetivos de desarrollo sostenible
Cover crops in sustainable agrosystems are becoming more and more applied. However, legacy effects on the growth of companion plants or following crops in rotation systems are still poorly understood, especially when Andean and ancestral crops are involved. In this work, two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars differing in P efficiency (Kirón higher than Chevignon) were cropped together with two non-mycorrhizal plants, quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and amaranth (Amaranthus spp.), to study the interactions and the effects produced in the wheat rhizosphere, plant growth and mycorrhizal parameters at harvest. The plants were grown in a three-compartment plexiglass rhizobox containing an Andisol. The central compartment separated by a nylon mesh was used for the cover crops, and wheat was sown on each side. A habitual pre-crop rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), also non-mycorrhizal, was used as control. At harvest, soil (pH, available P, acid phosphatase, microbial-P), plant (phytomass, organic acid exudation, P uptake efficiency, Zn and Mn in shoots), and mycorrhizal properties (root colonization, glomalin, spore number, and hyphal density) were measured in both wheat rhizospheres. Results show that wheat cultivars differed in soil and plant characteristics affected by non-host plants being the most efficient one, better. Surprisingly, mycorrhizal propagules were not depressed, and even fungal spores with amaranth (10543 spores 100 g-1) increased 2.6-fold than control (3910 spores 100 g-1) in the P-efficient cultivar. Data obtained suggest being cautious in selecting the best wheat cultivar when using these ancestral crops, especially for wheat natives’ smallholders working in this type of soil.Castillo, Claudia, Solano, Jaime, Aguilera, Paula, Sacha, Debouzy, Catalán, Rocío, Ruiz, Antonieta, Souza C., Pedro de, Sieverding, Ewald, Borie B., Fernando , (2023-10) - Environmental factors and physiological responses of sweet cherry production under protective cover systems: A review
Serie Documental: Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research
N° Documento: v. 83(4) p. 484-498
Climate change is increasing sweet cherry (Prunus avium (L.) L.) production under cover systems such as high tunnels, rain covers, and nets. The objective of this review was to provide an overview of the environmental factors and physiological responses involved in cherry production under different types of protective covering systems. The most important environmental factors affected by cover systems are photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed, which in turn affect leaf gas exchange, plant water relations, tree growth, flower development, and fruit quality. The use of covering systems has a positive effect on photosynthesis by increasing the amount of diffused PAR, but a negative effect on the reproductive-vegetative tree balance due to lower total PAR availability. Increases in air temperature by cover systems alter differentially flowering and fruit set, impacting positively the ripening time and cell division of the fruits. Plant water status is improved under cover systems, allowing for greater tolerance to water deficit as well as improved potential fruit cell expansion, with an ensuing positive effect on fruit size, but decreasing fruit firmness due to lower Ca availability fruits. The multiple environmental factors and physiological responses observed in cherry production under cover systems suggest the need to adjust agronomic practices such as pruning, crop load regulation, irrigation, and nutrition according to these specific conditions.Salvadores, Yessica, Bastías, Richard , (2023-08) - Effect of load regulation by winter pruning on fruit quality attributes of Duke and Legacy blueberry cultivars
Autor: Hirzel C., Juan; Retamal S., Jorge; Balbontín S., Cristián; Muñoz V., Pablo; Moya E., Ernesto
Serie Documental: Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research
N° Documento: v. 83(4) p. 418-431
Legacy and Duke are the main blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) cultivars grown in Chile, with 32.8% of the total Chilean cultivated area with this fruit. The market demands fruit firmness, size, weight, and quality attributes, which are improved by some agronomic management practices such as winter pruning. The present study evaluated the effect on blueberry quality attributes and fruit yield of five fruit bud load levels, regulated by winter pruning during two consecutive seasons, on ʻLegacyʼ and ʻDukeʼ. The study was conducted in three commercial orchards under different soil conditions (Inceptisol, Andisol, and Entisol) in south-central Chile. Results indicated that there were differences in fruit load treatments between seasons, orchards, load levels, and week of harvest (first or second). Reducing the fruit bud load by winter pruning improved quality attributes of fruit firmness, size and weight, but negatively affected production per plant. We found in two seasons that pruning 60% of the fruit bud load level had the highest values for fruit firmness, size, and weight in both blueberry cultivars, but the production was 70% and 86% of the potential in ‘Duke’ and ‘Legacy’, respectively.Hirzel C., Juan, Retamal S., Jorge, Balbontín S., Cristián, Muñoz V., Pablo, Moya E., Ernesto , (2023-08) - Diversity of endosymbiotic bacteria in the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) on alfalfa in Chile
Serie Documental: Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research
N° Publicación: v. 83(1) p. 63-69
Objetivos de desarrollo sostenible
N° 12: Garantizar modalidades de consumo y producción sostenibles
Facultative bacterial endosymbionts are prevalent in aphid pest species and key organisms for the rapid adaptation to changing environment conditions under agricultural management. Facultative endosymbiont interactions allow beneficial phenotypes of insect hosts, providing resistance against natural enemies, fungal infections as well as enhanced resistance to thermal conditions, among others. These interactions have been highlighted as important modulators in the evolution of aphid defenses, being a key aspect for the invasive potential of aphids as pests. In this study, we have examined the bacterial community diversity associated to the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) crops in Central Chile by determining the presence and abundance of the seven most common facultative endosymbionts reported for aphid species, including: Hamiltonella defensa, Regiella insecticola, Serratia symbiotica, Spiroplasma sp., Rickettsia sp., Rickettsiella viridis and Fukatsuia symbiotica (or pea aphid X-type symbiont’ PAXS), using a PCR-based approach across species-specific primers, in 16 alfalfa fields during the Chilean spring in the Maule Region. We reported six of the seven endosymbiont species studied, observing a high frequency of infected aphids being the endosymbiont H. defensa, the most predominant among the aphid populations in the different alfalfa fields studied. As H. defensa has been extensively studied in its defensive role to parasitoids, we discuss implications for biological control of this aphid pests. We also discuss the absence of a relevant defensive endosymbiont such as F. symbiotica in the Chilean pea aphid populations and potential implications for the success of the pea aphid biological control program.Zepeda-Paulo, Francisca, Lavandero, Blas , (2023-02) - Intercropping wheat with ancestral non-mycorrhizal crops in a volcanic soil at early growth stage
Autor: Castillo, Claudia; Solano S., Jaime; Collinao, Mauricio; Catalán, Rocío; Campos, Pedro; Aguilera, Paula; Sieverding, Ewald; Borie B., Fernando
Serie Documental: Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research
N° Publicación: v. 82(4) p. 663-672
Intercropping is especially relevant for low-income farmers when crop production is developed in soils under the new scenario produced by climatic change, mainly water shortage and low availability of nutrients especially P. An example of this would happen in volcanic soils of Southern Chile with high P fixing capacity and where most cereals are cropped. The aim of this study was to compare the benefits obtained on soil biochemical properties and on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth when sowed under monoculture or intercropped with non-mycorrhizal plants such as quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench), canola (Brassica napus L.) and white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) Wheat plants parameters such as shoot growth and morphological root traits together with some soil biological and chemical characteristics were measured after 30 and 44 d of plant growing in pots under controlled conditions. Results showed nonsignificant differences on growth parameters (i.e., height and shoot/root biomass) and P acquisition between monocrop and intercropped wheat. Conversely, wheat root morphological traits namely total length, root area, and forks were greatly reduced (around 50%) regardless of plant species. Intercropping tended to increase P availability and significantly reduced rhizosphere soil pH, with the lowest levels observed for wheat-canola combination (from 7.5 to 5.6). Intercropping produced a slight reduction in mycorrhizal colonization but increased over 100% viable spores’ number and exerted a variable effect on the microbial C-biomass, with greater values observed in wheat-canola combination (1.49 mg g-1). These results encourage us to deepen the use of some new plant combinations in family farming carried out in volcanic soils.Castillo, Claudia, Solano S., Jaime, Collinao, Mauricio, Catalán, Rocío, Campos, Pedro, Aguilera, Paula, Sieverding, Ewald, Borie B., Fernando , (2022-10) - Validation of grass metabolizable energy prediction equation by Garrido and Mann (1981) for dairy cows in southern Chile
Serie Documental: Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research
N° Publicación: v. 82(4) p. 595-602
Objetivos de desarrollo sostenible
Metabolizable energy (ME) is the most limiting nutrient for milk production in pastoral systems. In Chile, using four wethers and grass cut on six measurement dates, Garrido and Mann (1981) developed an equation to predict grass ME concentration based on content of in vitro digestible organic matter in DM. The application of the Garrido and Mann (1981) equation has been generalized in Chile for all feed ingredients, diets and ruminant species. We hypothesized that ME prediction from this equation has limitations for its use in lactating grass-fed dairy cows. The objective of this study was to validate the ME prediction equation by Garrido and Mann (1981) for lactating grass-fed dairy cows in the autumn and spring seasons. The study was conducted at INIA Remehue (Osorno, Chile) using two sets of eight Holstein Friesian cows, with each group used twice in 21-d experimental periods in autumn and spring, respectively. Fresh grass-only diets with a predominance of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) were supplied through soiling. In the last 5 d of each period, grass ME concentration was measured by subtracting energy lost in feces, urine and methane from ingested gross energy. A weak linear relationship was obtained between the ME determined in trials and ME predicted from the Garrido and Mann (1981) equation (R2 = 0.266; P = 0.003). The ME prediction equation currently in use is inadequate for lactating grass-fed dairy cows. Therefore, new and improved equations for estimating grass ME specific to dairy cows are needed.Muñoz, Camila, Salfate, Soledad, Ungerfeld M., Emilio, Urrutia, Natalie, Muñoz, Isadora , (2022-10) - Effect of NaCl and harvest time on antioxidant compounds and morphological cell changes in Lollo Bionda and Lollo Rosso lettuces
Serie Documental: Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research
N° Publicación: v. 82(4) p. 537-551
Objetivos de desarrollo sostenible
N° 12: Garantizar modalidades de consumo y producción sostenibles
It is known that lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. crispa L.) phenological stage and environmental changes can cause changes in the plant cell morphology and an important variation in secondary plant metabolites. Antioxidant compounds are beneficial to health and salinity can increase them. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of salt concentration (NaCl 0.05 and 0.1 mol L-1) and harvest time (days 10, 20 and 30) on mass, color parameters, antioxidant compounds and proline concentration as well as the morphological tissue changes on two lettuce cultivars: Lollo Bionda ‘Levistro’ (green leaves) and Lollo Rosso ‘Carmoli’ (red leaves). NaCl treatments and time of harvest affected fresh matter (FM), DM and DM%, total phenol content, concentration of anthocyanin and antioxidant capacity of both cultivars. High NaCl concentrations decreased FM (from 16.8 to 8.7 g in ‘Levistro’ in 3rd harvest) and the intracellular space of the leaf tissue but increased the concentration of proline (from 19.6 to 292.2 μg 100 g-1 FM in ‘Levistro’) and antioxidant compounds (from 412.9 to 487.3 mg Trolox eq. 100 g-1 FM in ‘Levistro’). In addition, concentrations of antioxidant compounds (from 458.2 to 506.4 mg Trolox eq. 100 g-1 FM in ‘Levistro’) and cell density were significantly higher in late than early harvested plants. Thus, successive harvesting may lead to higher antioxidant capacities of lettuces leaves. A moderate decline in FM, a higher cell density and proline concentrations may indicate the better adaptability to salinity stress of red ‘Carmoli’ than the green ‘Levistro’ lettuces.Flores, Mónica, Amorós, Asunción, Escalona C., Víctor Hugo , (2022-10) - Insectos entomófagos y sus huéspedes anotados para Chile
Autor: Caltagirone Z., Leopoldo
Serie Documental: Agricultura Técnica
N° Publicación: v. 17(1) p. 16-48
Al entregar a la publicación este trabajo lo hacemos animados del propósito de presentar los casos de parasitismo y predatismo comprobados en nuestra entomofauna. La mayoría de estos casos son conocidos, pero se encuentran dispersos en la numerosa bibliografía existente al respecto lo que hace engorrosa su consulta. Creemos q u e esta lista, además de tener un interés científico , puede tener importancia al proyectarse futuros programas de control de plagas tanto en Chile como en el extranjero.Caltagirone Z., Leopoldo , (1957-06) - Phenotypic and genetic analysis of a peach and a Japanese plum core collection for pre-breeding and distinctness assessment
Autor: Carrasco, Basilio; Ramírez, César; Gebauer, Marlene; Meisel, Lee; Hasbun, Rodrigo; Silva, Herman
Serie Documental: Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research
N° Publicación: v. 82(3) p. 457-468
To know the relationships between phenotypic and genetic variables in a germplasm collection of fruit crops is useful a pre-breeding and cultivar distinctness. A core collection of 23 peaches/nectarines (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch), and 16 Japanese plum (Prunus salicina Lindl. var. salicina) cultivars were evaluated for 33 and 29 characteristics (botanical/ productive) respectively during two growing seasons. Also, eight specific simple sequence repeats (SSRs) markers were analyzed in both species. Principal components analyses revealed seven characteristics (related to the size of the fruit and the firmness of the pulp) as the most important for the 23 peach/nectarine cultivars and four characteristics (yield, fruit size, soluble solids, and harvest time) for the 16 Japanese plum cultivars. These analyses revealed three cultivars of peaches (Diamond Princess, Dixon, and Dr. Davis) and three of nectarines (Ruby diamond, Artic sweet, Summer fire) with the highest values for fruit size and pulp firmness. Four Japanese plum cultivars (Angeleno, Flavor Rich, Red Heart, and Pink Delight) showed the highest values of yield, fruit size, soluble solids, and harvest time. Elite germplasms to carry out a breeding program were identified from both the phenotypic and genetic analysis. Additionally, cultivar-specific SSR alleles were identified and are a relevant tool for cultivar distinctness.Carrasco, Basilio, Ramírez, César, Gebauer, Marlene, Meisel, Lee, Hasbun, Rodrigo, Silva, Herman , (2022-07) - Successful controlling of Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), using meso-dispensers for mating disruption in urban areas
Autor: Ceballos, Ricardo; Contreras, Américo; Fujii, Tatsuya; Nojima, Satoshi; Fuentes C., Eduardo; Arraztio, Diego; Garrido, Álvaro
Serie Documental: Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research
N° Publicación: v. 82(3) p. 437-447
The European grapevine moth (EGVM), Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermüller), is a severe pest of grapes, since detected in Chile in 2008 has been subjected to an official control program by the Chilean Department of Agriculture, mainly in vineyards and orchards. Lobesia botrana has also been found in urban areas, mostly on backyard grapes, those have become important refuges for large L. botrana populations and significant sources for both dispersal and re-infestation to agricultural settings, thus the need for control. Chemical sprays are not allowed for intensive pest management in residential areas; therefore, the mating disruption technique has been the main tool to control L. botrana in cities. However, it is not always feasible to evenly deploy the required amount of dispenser ha-1 in urban areas using conventional formulations. A new meso-dispenser (MeD), loaded with 10x the regular amount of pheromone of standard dispensers, and recommended at 50 units ha-1, was evaluated in three consecutive seasons (2013-2016), in four cities in central Chile. This new dispenser yielded significantly lower male captures in traps in comparison with untreated areas. Cumulative male captures per individual flights per season, ranged between 292-2043 trap-1 (MeD) and 15 795-28 403 trap-1 (untreated), and significantly declined in the second and third seasons of MeD usage. Disruption index ranged between 68.9% and 98.9% considering flights individually, and above 88.0% considering whole seasons. The presence of eggs, larvae, and pupae infesting clusters, also significantly declined with the number of seasons treated with MeD.Ceballos, Ricardo, Contreras, Américo, Fujii, Tatsuya, Nojima, Satoshi, Fuentes C., Eduardo, Arraztio, Diego, Garrido, Álvaro , (2022-07)